Chhath, also known as Dala Chhath
is an important festival celebrated in Bihar and many other parts of India in
which setting Sun (dawn) is worshiped .This festival is also celebrated in neighboring
areas such as Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Terai areas of Nepal with a little
difference. Chhath is also called ‘Suryasasthi’ as it observed after the
six days of Diwali, the festival of light.
Chhath Puja takes place during 6th day (Shasthi) lunar
fortnight of Kartik month (October last to mid November). The festival lasts
for four days. There is also a "Chaiti Chhath" celebrated just after
Holi during Chaitra Navratri in the month of Chaitra (March last to mid April).
The festival is observed and celebrated in Bihar since time
immemorial with the constant faith that the Sun God fulfils wishes if 'araghya'
is offered with complete dedication and devotion.
Chhath is not just a physical attachment to the people of
Bihar, infact, it presents in their hearts, and this is why the people bring
the festival wherever they have migrated. Nowadays it can be easily seen at the
ghats of Yamuna in Delhi and other parts of India indicating its presence
across the country.
It is a festival connected with purity, devotion to the Sun
God who is considered as the source of life on this earth and is regarded as
wish fulfiller.
The festival is celebrated with an aim to express thanks to
Sun God for offering energy to earth continuously enabling the environment
suitable for the people to live.
In the evening arghya people express their thanks to Sun God
for its work in growing their crops during the preceding year and morning
arghya is considered as a request for a bountiful crop, peace and prosperity in
the year to come.
Devotees assemble at the ghats at rivers and ponds including
Ganges and take a holy dip before preparing offerings (Prasad). The main
constituent of the offerings are Thekua, which is a wheat based cake.
Offerings are preferably cooked on earthen Chulha (oven). Some
traditions are exercised with little difference varying from region to region
and across the families with basic similarity.
During the puja, offerings are contained in small,
semicircular pans woven out of bamboo strips called soop. Chhath is a Hindu
festival but many muslim families also participates in this holy festival.
Legends
In ancient time the festival of Chhath was performed by
Draupdi, the wife of “Pandavas” king of Hastinapur (Modern Delhi) during their
exile from their kingdom. One day they were visited by 88 thousand wandering
hermits (Bhikshuk). According to the Hindu customs guest were treated heartily
and offered foods in the reception.
But Pandavas barely enough for themselves and thus were hardly
in a position to fulfill their obligation as Grihastha (householders) and offer
meals to the visiting hermits. Seeing Pandavas in deep anguish, Draupdi asked
for help to noble sage Dhaumya, who pleased upon her the merits of worshiping
the Sun God. Draupdi was not only able to solve the immediate problem but her
Sun worship helped the Pandavas later gain their lost Kingdom.
International Relevance
The tradition of worshiping Sun God, the saviour of the life
on earth had also found in the Egypt and Babylon the oldest civilizations of
the world.
Etymology
The word CHHATH denotes the
number 6 in Hindi and the festival begins on the sixth day of the Hindu lunar
month of Kartik, which corresponds to months of October and November in the
Gregorian calendar (a week after Diwali). Chhath is the holiest Hindu festival
of Bihar and extends to four days.
Day 1:- Nahai Khai (Bath & Eat):- The first
day of the puja is known as Nahai Khai (Bath & Eat), the Vrati (devotees)
take a bath preferably in sacred river Ganga and bring the holy water to cook
offerings (Prasad) at home.
Day 2:- Kharna :– A whole day fast (without
water) is observed by the vratis (devotees). The vratis end their fast in the
evening after performing puja. Offerings (Prasad) are comprises of Rasiao-kheer
(rice delicacy), puris (deep-fried puffs of wheat flour) or chapatti and
bananas - are distributed among family, friends and visitors.
Day 3:- Sandhya Arghya (Evening offering):–
Devotees observe fast without consuming water. The whole day is spent in
preparing puja offerings. All the offerings are kept in tray made up of bamboo.
Offerings comprises of Thekua, coconut, banana and other seasonal fruits.
The evening ritual is performed at the banks of river or pond
or any clean water body. All the devotees, family, friends and visitors
assemble their and the agrahya is offered to the setting Sun. ‘Kosi’ –
One of the most charming events during Chhath Puja known as ‘Kosi’ is
celebrated at the courtyard of the house after evening offerings. Lightened
earthen lamps (diyas) are kept beneath the covering of five sugarcane sticks or
24 sticks (as per local tradition). The same event also takes place at the
ghats in the early morning before morning offerings (arghyas).
Day 4:- Bihaniya Arghya (Morning offerings):–
This is the last and final event of the auspicious puja, the devotees again
with their family, friends and relatives assemble on the bank of river or pond
to offer arghyas (offerings) to the rising Sun. After performing arghyas
devotees break their fast. Ginger and Sugar are used by devotees to break their
fast (as per local tradition).